Frederica Freyberg:
Smoke from Canadian wildfires this week left Wisconsin in a state of haze and health warnings. Midweek, Milwaukee had the worst air quality in the nation. As the fires burn and new ones break out, it could be a summer-long threat. Kurt Kotenberg with the National Weather Service in Green Bay shares the forecast for smoky conditions. And thanks a lot for being here.

Kurt Kotenberg:
Absolutely, thank you for having us.

Frederica Freyberg:
So as to this week's smoky conditions in Wisconsin, do you know how they stack up historically? Was this worse than we've seen?

Kurt Kotenberg:
Sure, so a lot of this is originating from the Canada wildfires, and the wildfires at this current rate that they're going are definitely above normal. What makes it unique for us here in Wisconsin this year is just the wind pattern and the wind direction. For the past few weeks, there's been a high pressure area over the center of the country. So really, taking a step back here, what helps get the wildfire air down to us in Wisconsin is the wind direction at the high levels of the atmosphere. We've had just this pretty persistent weather pattern over the past few weeks, and that's been a weather pattern that's had very strong winds over Canada that have literally been pointing the winds into Wisconsin. They're blowing at about 125 miles an hour at 20,000 feet — so very high up there. You're getting very fast winds that are ushering all of this wildfire smoke into Wisconsin. And comparing trends from now versus the past 10 years, the trends are above normal for wildfires that have been occurring in Canada. It's just kind of a more of a local thing as to why that smoke is reaching us here in Wisconsin. Some years, it's a different weather pattern where the smoke is not being brought down into Wisconsin, but this year, unfortunately, it is and has been. And it seems like the wildfire trend is only going to continue to get worse in Canada. So, if the local weather conditions continue to bring that air down here, unfortunately, we may see a very smoky and hazy year ahead here for the summer.

Frederica Freyberg:
The weather pattern that is bringing kind of the wind aloft, the smoke with it, into Wisconsin — is that something that you can predict going forward?

Kurt Kotenberg:
So as we get better and better at our computer models over extended periods of time, generally like three to four weeks out, we can get a general sense of — are winds going to be coming from the northwest, are winds going to be coming from the southwest — a big pattern. So, weather is the day-to-day, so the overall pattern might favor winds from the northwest for the next three to four weeks, but that's not going to be consistent in every day. Some days, we'll have winds from the southeast, sometimes from the southwest. But when you put every single day on a map for a four-week period, that gets the general trend. And that general trend, I do believe, unfortunately, is going to continue to feature winds coming from the west and northwest into Wisconsin. So again, unfortunately, it's looking like we may see — not every single day is going to feature poor air quality — but more often than not, we might start to see days with poor air quality here in Wisconsin for June, July, into maybe even August and September.

Frederica Freyberg:
Should we expect some version of this every summer?

Kurt Kotenberg:
Yeah, so generally, so it's kind of interesting, I don't know if interesting is the right word, but there's a trend. Looking in the past 10 years for wildfires, the number of wildfires might actually be on the decrease a little bit. However, the wildfires that do start are more intense. And so that's what we're seeing. We're seeing a lot of large wildfires out there. So for instance, there's one wildfire that's burned over 100,000 acres so far, which is pretty large. Just on a daily basis, right now with it being so warm and dry out there, we're seeing wildfires pop up by the hour. And so the challenge is, what are the weather conditions when those wildfires pop up? Is it occurring in a dry area? Is it occurring where there's strong winds to help the fire spread? And so that's, getting down to that small scale, we can't exactly predict that because we can't exactly predict where a wildfire will occur, kind of like a tornado. Like a tornado, we can say, "central Wisconsin's favored." Wildfires are kind of the same way. Certain areas might be more favored, like they've had more dry conditions over the past few weeks. Then, looking ahead, we're forecasting very strong winds. So, if a wildfire were to occur in this dry area, the conditions are favorable for it to spread. As a weather community, that's what we're looking at. Then bringing it back into Wisconsin, we take a look at the wind speed and wind direction aloft. So if those wildfires occur in Canada, which again, we can't predict exactly when and where they'll occur, but if they do, what will that mean for us in Wisconsin based on the wind speed and the wind direction? So that's what we're looking at here. And again, that's where pure miles come into play, and where it's showing that the conditions do remain favorable for dry, hot weather up in Canada and northern parts of the United States. So if we continue to see those winds come towards us here in Wisconsin, I think we'll continue to see days of poor air quality.

Frederica Freyberg:
I was going to ask, how do warming temperatures or climate changes play into these conditions?

Kurt Kotenberg:
So, yeah, so that's tough to tell at this point. It's kind of one of those — the scientific communities just needs more data and more years of data. And again, here on the local level, it's not so climate change just as much as it is the current weather patterns and the wind speed and wind direction, which climate change really doesn't, isn't an influence on that. Like, this is more the small scale day-to-day type weather. But overall as a community, there's fire weather experts — there's experts, universities — that are researching to see if there is or is not a link. That's kind of getting a little bit out of our area. Again, at the Weather Service here, we're just looking at the day-to-day, doing what we can to alert people and warn people if we're expecting poor weather conditions, lead to poor air quality — we're trying to get that alert out to the public to help keep families safe here in Wisconsin.

Frederica Freyberg:
Well thank you for that. So we should be checking with the National Weather Service, if we want to know going forward, in the coming days or weeks, whether we think we might have those kinds of smoky conditions.

Kurt Kotenberg:
Yes, and we work well with the Wisconsin DNR also, so like Wisconsin DNR and the EPA here across the state, too. We coordinate with the three of them. So I would check with those agencies as well.

Frederica Freyberg:
All right. Kurt Kotenberg, thanks very much.

Kurt Kotenberg:
Absolutely.