NOVA

At the same time that the horse and the chariot came to Egypt, so did a revolutionary new bow, the composite bow, very, very powerful bow. The bows they had before were just made of wood, this would be very clumsy in a chariot. And wood needs to be a certain length if you can't have a short bow made of wood, because that will only come back so far before that happens. So you have to have a certain amount of length for a wooden bow to work. Also don't be confused by its great girth, that doesn't necessarily signify power, I can pull that back with one finger quite easily. What we've got with the composite bow is something that's short, therefore very usable on the tight platform of a chariot, but immensely powerful. And it's immensely powerful for two reasons. One is its composite materials, and two is its shape. You see this unstrung, you'll see it's a completely different shape comes into this sort of flattened w-shape. That means all these materials are pre-stressed so that when it's pulled back, these are already trying to go that way. So it's much more efficient spring. And the way that happens is you start with wood, just as a former, the wood is jointed to give you the angles you want in that. And then you laminate on strips of horn from the water buffalo, water buffalo horn. This is the power of the bow. This is the muscles. It's a wonderful material for resisting compression. So if we think of this as the skeleton, and this is then the muscles on here, restoring all that energy, we can then pre stress the shape. But there's so much power in this home that it would break apart unless it was held together. But like our bodies held together by tendons and you actually use sinew. This is the sinew from an ox. If you hammer them, bash them with a stone, they become quite fibrous, start to pull apart. And if you keep working it, you will get it as fine as hair and extremely tough as well. I mean, this is incredible. Just even one strand is an incredibly strong material, I cannot break it. And that is then glued around the horn and the wood. And you do layers and layers and all the art of making a barrel is in the laying of the sinew. And it's all held together with this, which is the dried swim bladders of fish. So you just break this stuff up and boil it in water. It's wonderful viscous glue. Today making modern composite bows, we use carbon fiber, doing the same job as the buffalo horn. We use fiberglass exactly the same is this sinew, and it's bonded together with a resin just like this fish glue. So it really was a revolutionary technology at its time. And it absolutely changed the face of warfare. It enabled the Egyptians to go out onto the battlefield with their chariots and with their hit and run tactics and that was new and that created an empire.