Insectarium

Hello.

Who's this little guy?

Some adorable little spotted beetle.

No surprise.

It's a cockroach.

I get it.

Most of us don't like roaches.

And a study funded by the US Fish and Wildlife Service found that that the most hated animal in America was the cockroach.

There's even a name for the fear of cockroaches katsaridaphobia.

Will no one love them?

Maybe you just haven't met the right roach.

I'm here to tell you: roaches are amazing.

There are red ones, green ones, metallic ones, even multicolored ones.

They have complicated social structures.

They can make different sounds with different meanings.

And theyre some of the best parents in the insect world.

They will eat their young.

But let's not talk about that.

More importantly, for us humans, they have an important role to play in ecosystems around the world.

But how?

So we might not love roaches, but the world needs them.

So stay with me.

And while you might not exactly fall in love with roaches, youll at least learn to appreciate them as six-legged frenemies.

[SMOOTH, JAZZY, ORGAN TUNE] Who do we have here?

This is Gromphadorhina portentosa or the Madagascar hissing cockroach.

It's a it's a little bigger than the ones that I have in my apartment, at least so far.

Well, more than 99% of cockroaches have never even seen a kitchen sink.

There's over 7000 species and the majority of cockroaches have actually lived their entire existence outside of the human condition.

Away from people, away from human dwellings.

The rest of the worlds roaches live all over the place.

In rainforest treetops, the edges of streams, and deep in caves.

From the equator to northern latitudes.

Even a species that ranges above the Arctic Circle.

So what I'm hearing is there are a lot of roaches out there.

Yes, but they dont all look like you might think.

Theyre actually incredibly diverse, And many of them are really beautiful.

Among the worlds thousands of roach species, there are turquoise roaches, snorkeling roaches, and roaches with the incredible alchemy of turning atmospheric nitrogen into nutrients.

So if they're not climbing out of my drain, what are roaches doing with themselves?

Well, I mean, most cockroaches are kind of gregarious.

Some maintain bonds by mutual grooming and touching.

And lots of them take care of their kids.

In fact, these particular roaches, they actually will feed their young.

But in general, cockroaches are the largest group of insects that exhibit parental care.

Do they talk to one another?

Well, cockroaches can communicate.

Often what they're using are chemical communication.

So they have these really long antennae.

If youve ever taken the time to sit and look at cockroaches, often, a big part of what they're doing in the day is actually cleaning their antennae.

Cockroaches are actually really fastidious.

Their chemosensory tools that they have in their antennae these small sensory pits that can pick up different chemical cues those need to be really, really clean in order for them to be able to best communicate with each other.

Thats intriguing.

I wont lie.

But its going to take a lot for people to love cockroaches.

What else would make me like them?

Well, the world as we know it would look really different without cockroaches.

We really need them because theyre an essential part of the nutrient cycle something thats critical for healthy ecosystems.

Theyre like little sanitation workers, breaking down leaf litter and animal waste, and returning nutrients into the soil.

And theyre incredibly important as food for other animals.

They may even be the single most important prey for small vertebrates like lizards and birds in tropical rainforests.

If roaches are so amazing, why are they so easy to hate?

Well, I mean, we tend to think of cockroaches we tend to think of the really small number that are pest species.

And theres a few species in particular that tend to have adapted to live in and amongst human dwellings: the American cockroach and the German cockroach.

Those pests are so dependent on humans that at least the German cockroch no longer exists in the wild.

This is bad for us because pest species can have big impacts on our health.

Theyre well-established as a significant source of severe asthma for many people.

Dr. Megan Wilson is an entomologist who now focuses on pest management.

Her job involves getting rid of roaches in places where they can be a nuisance or harmful to people.

But shes really fascinated with their biology.

So, we went out to the woods to see if we could find some roaches in the wild.

Im surprised its not a more common pasttime.

So, in your experience in pest management, like what are some of the things that people tell you that really freaked them out about cockroaches?

Flying.

They dont like how they run.

They dont like how they scuttle.

And on top of it, too, theres kind of a stigma with them.

Because people fear, like, if you have roaches then people think that you are unclean or that youve done something wrong.

My mom, actually, she lives in northern Ontario and she found a cockroach, and she freaked out.

And I was like, Girl, this is like a tiny Ontario wood roach. But she just only associates them from TV and movies as being like something a New Yorker would have in their apartment.

So, she was really panicked.

And I just reminded her that theres like cockroaches all around her in those woods.

And they live outside of the human condition.

Theyre, like, not part of our story.

[PLUCKING STRING MUSIC] Roaches!

I got a wood roach.

Look at that!

A little- Thats a younger one... Slightly older one... See, even in the winter, you still find stuff when you flip logs.

Weve been freaked out by roaches for centuries.

Ancient Egyptians had spells to ward off roaches.

Today, we have something called integrated pest management.

Theres this kind of idea of taking the biology of the pest and the ecology of the system youre working in, and integrating them together.

The insect is a symptom of a problem.

The insects presence can tell you something about what you need to fix.

Pest roaches have a list of undeniably unlikeable, but incredble, traits.

Theyre the world champions of chemosensory reception.

Their omnivorous diet can incorporate everything from wallpaper glue to donuts.

And their incredible immune systems give them resistance to both disease and pesticides.

150 million years ago, some of those adaptations laid the genomic groundwork for the evolution of the very first insect society termites.

Yep, thats right.

Termites are roaches, too.

When you talk about termites in your work, how do you- Do you refer to them as, like, roaches?

Do you refer to them as termites?

I mean, I talk about them as termites, like with the common name, but I tell people theyre very specialized roaches.

Theyre very social, wood-eating roaches.

Yeah, fancy, social, wood-eating roaches.

After nearly a century of debate, in 2018, the Entomological Society of America officially recognized these animals as part of the order Blattodea, the roaches.

Termites might not have quite the charisma of flower-visiting bees, or industrious ants, but they also have incredibly complex communication and coordination.

They optimize transportation routes.

They build climate-controlled megastructures some that are taller than skyscrapers... at least relative to the size of their construction workers.

Theyre keystone species, critical to many habitats.

Termites, like some bees and ants, exist in societies that we call eusocial. Its spelled e-u-social.

Eu- means true.

So, its truly social.

Truly social or eusocial insects like termites have three characteristics: multiple generations living together, shared parental care, and they have a division of labor.

So, in termites, that takes place in the form of three castes.

They have workers, and soldiers, and reproductive castes.

Reproductives are the termite king and queen.

And termite queens, by the way, can live for more than 20 years.

We dont like it when termites turn their social stomachs towards our homes and buildings, where their damage can cost billions of dollars annually.

But in the wild, they along with earthworms are arguably the most important engineers in terrestrial ecosystems.

A recent study even calculated that termites make up to 40% of all biomass in the soil.

So, I think when we think about insect societies, theyre important in their own right because they often function as kind of superorganisms.

And they can really shape an environment.

But theyre important to humans because were fascinated by social behavior.

How is it possible that something so small and wee could have a really complex society?

Cmon, how amazing is the cockroach?

I like to think that if people knew more about the- this cool biology of these roaches, maybe people would, like, learn to love the roach.

Thats true.

Or at least say- Or at least say, Ew, but they are cool. Ew.

Cool.

So, the first Black woman to get a Ph.D. in entomology was Margaret Collins.

And Margaret Collins worked on termites.

So, she produced foundational work on termite ecology, physiology, taxonomy, and defensive behaviors.

She described new species.

And she had a reputation for being a really prolific and profound scientist.

And so, she was invited to give a talk at a white university.

and when people found out that this Black woman was going to be giving a talk in an academic series, there were bomb threats called in and her lecture was canceled.

But her son recalls that even in the face of this threat, she just moved the talk to another location.

She was committed to civil rights.

She drove cars for the Tallahassee Bus Boycott which was this student-led action sparked soon after the better-known one in Montgomery.

And she was chased by police cars and tailed by the FBI.

She really had to fight against pervasive sexism and racism, and despite all of that, she is quoted as saying, you know, You have to do the work. And she did the work, like, throughout her entire life.

She was a professor at Howard University, Florida A&M University, and Federal City College.

And eventually, she became a research associate at the Smithsonian, where she had a really extensive field program.

She did a lot of her fieldwork in Guyana, actually.

And that is actually a place where Ive done a lot of my fieldwork.

So, when I go to Guyana and sample termites, I often think, I wonder if these are some of the descendants of the termites that Margaret Collins sampled. She was really a leader in field biology, and certainly an inspiration to many of us who have gone on to study termites.