Steven Potter:
What is the extent of the lead contamination in Milwaukee public schools?

Mike Totoraitis:
Well, unfortunately for any school built before 1978, we assume that there is lead hazards in that school. That can include lead plumbing. It could include — in our case, that we're most concerned about — is the lead paint, which is really over every surface in most of the schools, so over plumbing, over walls and ceilings, door jambs, windows on the exterior buildings. The lead paint really is the largest issue, and then that lead paint over time can chip away and create lead dust, which can either be tracked through the school by students and staff, or it can fall off the exterior of the building into the soil around the schools.

Steven Potter:
So how is the lead paint getting inside the children?

Mike Totoraitis:
There are two routes that we're concerned about. The first is inhalation of lead dust. Some of those initial samples that we took were, well above the safety thresholds that are set by the EPA. The other route that we're extremely concerned about is ingestion of paint chips. What many don't realize is that lead paint has a sweetness to it. So, it has a biomechanic feedback for the child when they consume it, they're like, "Oh, this is sweet," and they seek it out then more. For students with developmental needs, particularly on the autism spectrum, there's well-documented literature around the pica behavior — or hand-to-mouth behavior — of consuming things. When you put that in conjunction with lead paint, that is where we see that increased risk. MHD took actions at the beginning to ensure that the district was prioritizing those students, as well as students that still were under the age of six at the schools to make sure that they were safe.

Steven Potter:
The windowsills are particularly a problem — why?

Mike Totoraitis:
Yep, horizontal surfaces in particular are a major concern, 'cause that's where lead dust can settle. But in windowsills and door jambs where you have a lot of high friction surfaces of the window raising and lowering or door jambs opening and closing, that is going to rub on the paint surface. People are touching the door jambs as they're coming and going — can disrupt that paint — and lead paint can flick off or it can generate lead dust that then falls to the ground or falls to a window sill that can be accidentally touched as they're going through a classroom or through a hallway, and then could be consumed through eating snacks or just putting your hands in your mouth.