Locked Out: The Fall of Massive Resistance

MAJOR FUNDING FOR "LOCKED OUT: WAS PROVIDED BY ROBERT E. AND JACQUELYN H. POGUE, ROBINS FOUNDATION AND BY THE CITY OF NORFOLK.

"LOCKED OUT WAS PRODUCED IN COLLABORATION WITH THE UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA'S CENTER FOR POLITICS.

CAPTIONING PROVIDED BY CAPTION ASSOCIATES, LLC www.captionassociates.com.

IN 1954 THE US SUPREME COURT RULED "SEPARATE BUT EQUAL" UNCONSTITUTIONAL AND ORDERED THE SOUTHERN STATES TO INTEGRATE THEIR SCHOOLS.

LIKE MUCH OF THE SOUTH, VIRGINIA'S LEADERS WERE DETERMINED TO RESIST THE RULING AND SOME EVEN THREATENED TO CLOSE PUBLIC SCHOOLS.

YOU KNOW, WE WERE KIND OF ALL IN DENIAL.

OH, THEY'LL NEVER SHUT THE SCHOOLS DOWN.

THEY CAN'T DO THAT.

PEOPLE HAVE TO GO TO SCHOOL.

AND SEEING THEM LOCKED DOWN WITH CHAINS, YOU DON'T HAVE A QUESTION ABOUT IT.

YOU KNOW THAT OUR SCHOOLS ARE CLOSED.

BEFORE 1954'S COURT RULING, AFRICAN-AMERICANS WERE EXCLUDED FROM WHITE SOCIETY.

SEGREGATION WAS THE WAY OF THE SOUTH.

WE COULD NOT ATTEND THE SAME SCHOOLS.

WE COULD NOT EAT AT THE SAME RESTAURANTS OR DRINK OUT THE SAME WATER FOUNTAINS OR BE INVOLVED IN THE SAME ASSOCIATIONS.

BLACKS WERE NOT ALLOWED INSIDE THE STORE TO LOOK AT THE RACKS AND PICK THE CLOTHES OFF OF THE RACK.

THE BUS TERMINAL HAD ONE SIDE FOR WHITES AND THE OTHER SAYS "COLORED ONLY," WHERE YOU WOULD BE AROUND ON THE OTHER SIDE, AND IT WAS FILTHY AND THERE WAS NO BATHROOM FOR YOU.

WE COULDN'T GO TO THEATERS OR WE COULDN'T RIDE IN THE FRONT OF THE BUS.

I EXPERIENCED ALL OF THAT.

THIS WAS THE SOUTH AND SEGREGATION WAS THE RULE OF THE DAY.

I HAD TO WALK THROUGH A WHITE NEIGHBORHOOD TO GET TO MY SCHOOL.

WE KNEW EACH OTHER, BUT WE DIDN'T PLAY TOGETHER, WE DIDN'T GROW UP TOGETHER.

SEPARATION WAS REAL.

GROWING UP IN ARLINGTON WAS ALMOST LIKE A SCHIZOPHRENIC SITUATION.

WHERE WHEN YOU WENT ACROSS THE BRIDGE INTO WASHINGTON, D.C., SO MANY THINGS WERE INTEGRATED.

YOU COME BACK ACROSS THE BRIDGE TO COME HOME AND EVERYTHING WAS SEGREGATED.

WE HAD A RITUAL SOMETIMES WHERE MY MOTHER WOULD TAKE ME, MAYBE DOWNTOWN TO D.C. AND WE WOULD GO SHOPPING.

IF I'D DONE EVERYTHING AND BEEN GOOD, WE WOULD STOP AND GET MAYBE A HAMBURGER AND A CHOCOLATE SHAKE.

THIS ONE PARTICULAR SATURDAY WE HAPPENED TO GO TO A LOCAL DEPARTMENT STORE HERE IN ARLINGTON, AND I HAD BEEN GOOD THAT DAY, AND I SAID, "MOM, I WANT MY HAMBURGER AND MY CHOCOLATE SHAKE."

AND SHE SAYS, "OH, TODAY WE'RE NOT GOING TO DO THAT, WE GOT SOME OTHER PLACE ELSE TO GO."

I WAS ABOUT 5 YEARS OLD.

I SAID, "WAIT A MINUTE."

I'D DONE EVERYTHING I WAS SUPPOSED TO DO, "WHY CAN'T I HAVE IT, WHAT DID I DO WRONG?"

I DECIDED AS WE WALKED BY TO WALK AWAY FROM HER AND WALK ON IN AND SIT UP ON THE LUNCH COUNTER.

AND MY MOTHER WAS DEVASTATED, AND SHE SAID, "NO, NO, NO, YOU CAN'T DO THIS," AND I STARTED CRYING AND MAKING A SCENE, AND SHE ENDED UP PICKING ME UP AND CARRYING ME OUT.

I REMEMBER HER GETTING SO UPSET, ALMOST CRYING HERSELF ABOUT THIS, ESPECIALLY AS SHE TRIED TO TALK TO ME AND EXPLAIN TO ME WHY THIS PARTICULAR DAY WE COULDN'T DO THIS.

SHE TOLD ME THAT UNFORTUNATELY THAT CERTAIN PEOPLE IN THE WORLD DID NOT VIEW EVERYBODY ELSE AS EQUAL, AND THERE WERE PLACES WHERE YOU CAN DO CERTAIN THINGS AND SOME PLACES YOU CAN'T.

THAT WAS THE FIRST TIME I BECAME CONSCIOUS THAT THERE WAS A SEPARATE SITUATION IN OUR COUNTRY.

THE DOCTRINE OF SEPARATE BUT EQUAL FUELED THE SOUTH'S JIM CROW LAWS.

EVEN PUBLIC SCHOOLS WERE SEGREGATED.

WHITE SCHOOLS FARED MUCH BETTER THAN UNDERFUNDED BLACK SCHOOLS.

THIS IS A HIGH-SCHOOL DRAMA CLASS, TAUGHT BY MRS. BROOKAS AT BOOKER T. WASHINGTON HIGH SCHOOL.

WE START OUR DRAMA COURSE WITH THE FUNDAMENTALS OF DRAMATICS AND THROUGH PLAYS IN THE AUDITORIUM, THROUGH CLASSROOM ACTIVITIES AND THROUGH PRESENTATION TO THE PUBLIC, THE STUDENT FINDS THAT HE IS NOT OFTEN A LOST CAUSE BUT HAS A GREAT LATENT ABILITY THAT WOULD NOT HAVE BEEN BROUGHT FORTH OTHERWISE.

THE ONLY THING WE HAD IN THE BLACK SCHOOLS WERE EXCELLENT TEACHERS.

EXCELLENT TEACHERS.

THEY TAUGHT US A LOT.

THEY DEMANDED A LOT.

AND I LEARNED A LOT FROM MY TEACHERS.

THAT WAS ACTUALLY THE BASIS OF MY EDUCATION.

THEY JUST CARED ABOUT HOW WE DID AND HOW WE WERE AS STUDENTS AND PEOPLE.

AND IN OUR CLASSROOM WE HAD TO DO OUR SCHOOL WORK BECAUSE IF WE DIDN'T, SHE HAD A PADDLE ABOUT THIS THICK, AND YOU HOLD YOUR HAND OUT, AND YOUR HAND WOULD BE RED BECAUSE IF YOU DIDN'T DO YOU SCHOOL WORK, SHE WOULD LET US KNOW.

SO WE KNEW TO DO OUR SCHOOL WORK, WE DIDN'T FOOL AROUND.

ON OUR GLOBE, THE PRIME MERIDIAN DIVIDES THE GLOBE INTO EAST AND WEST.

EACH MERIDIAN IS 15 DEGREES APART AND THERE ARE 180 DEGREE MERIDIANS EAST AND 180 DEGREE MERIDIANS WEST.

WE KNEW THE TEACHERS WERE INTERESTED IN US LEARNING.

THE TEACHERS WERE FAMILY, LIKE TO ALL OF US, BECAUSE THEY KNEW OUR PARENTS AND THEIR PARENTS KNEW THEM.

THE TEACHERS DIDN'T HAVE BUT VERY FEW THINGS TO WORK WITH BECAUSE THE BOOKS AND EQUIPMENT THEY RECEIVED WAS SENT FROM THE WHITE SCHOOLS TO THE BLACK SCHOOLS AND THEY WERE ALREADY FIVE YEARS OLD WHEN THEY GOT THEM.

QUITE OFTEN THERE WOULD BE ALL KINDS OF RACIST STATEMENTS SCRIBBLED IN THE BOOKS AND HEADINGS AND SO FORTH, VERY DEROGATORY THINGS.

WHEN YOU THINK OF A HIGH SCHOOL, YOU THINK OF GENERALLY ALL THE CLASSROOMS WELL-EQUIPPED.

YOU'VE GOT A GYMNASIUM WELL-EQUIPPED.

YOU'VE GOT A CAFETERIA, KITCHENS, WELL-EQUIPPED.

ATHLETIC FIELDS WITH LIGHTS AND ALL OF THOSE KINDS OF THINGS.

NONE OF THOSE THINGS WERE IN THIS BUILDING, NONE OF THEM.

HORRIBLE.

HORRIBLE.

THIS SCHOOL, AS FAR AS THE HEATING, WHEN IT CAME TO WINTERTIME, WE WOULD HAVE TO COME WITH OUR OVERCOATS AND SOME COTTON GLOVES AND SIT IN HERE BECAUSE THEY DIDN'T HAVE ENOUGH MONEY TO KEEP THE HEAT UP TO A CERTAIN LEVEL.

WHEN THEY GOT THEIR NEW FLEET OF BUSES, THEN THE OLD FLEET WAS PASSED TO US.

AND MY UNCLE ADRIAN WAS DRIVING ONE OF THOSE BUSES, AND HE DROVE ALL THE WAY BACK AND GOT TO THE FRONT YARD OF OUR HOME AND THE STEERING ROD JUST FELL DOWN ON THE GROUND AS HE WAS TRYING TO PARK IT.

MY GRANDMOTHER AND EVERYBODY, THEY JUST HOOTED AND HOLLERED, JUST THINKING OF HOW MANY KIDS COULD HAVE BEEN KILLED.

WHEN BARBARA JOHNS WAS A STUDENT HERE AND SHE WAS ON THE DEBATE TEAM AND SHE WOULD GO OUT TO OTHER SCHOOLS AND SHE COULD SEE THAT FACILITIES IN THOSE OTHER SCHOOLS WERE MUCH BETTER, SHE KNEW THAT BLACK PARENTS HAD BEEN FIGHTING WITH THE ALL-WHITE SCHOOL BOARD TO TRY AND MAKE CONDITIONS BETTER.

THE BUILDING WAS BUILT TO HOUSE 180 STUDENTS IN 1939.

THE STUDENT POPULATION WAS NEARLY 490.

SO THE WALLS WERE PULSATING.

MOTON HIGH SCHOOL JUNIOR, BARBARA JOHNS, LED A STUDENT WALKOUT IN 1951 PROTESTING THE UNEQUAL FACILITIES IN THE BLACK SCHOOLS.

SEPARATE BUT EQUAL WAS THE PLESSEY VS. FERGUSON DECISION OF THE SUPREME COURT IN 1896.

IT ESTABLISHED ESSENTIALLY THE PRECEDENT FOR JIM CROW LAWS WHICH SAID THAT YOU CAN TREAT BLACK AND WHITE SEPARATELY AS LONG AS YOU TREAT THEM EQUALLY.

AND THERE WAS A WINK AND A NOD, BECAUSE EVERYONE KNEW EVEN THEN THAT IT WOULD NEVER BE EQUAL.

SEPARATE BUT EQUAL WAS ALWAYS A FALLACY AND AN OUTRAGE, THERE WAS NOTHING EQUAL ABOUT THE SEPARATE SCHOOLS.

EVERYBODY KNEW THAT.

IT WAS NOT UNTIL THE MID-30'S THAT THE NAACP BEGAN WHAT I CALL A SEMINAR WITH THE SUPREME COURT SAYING ROUGHLY: YOU GUYS KNOW WHAT SEPARATE IS, DO YOU KNOW WHAT EQUAL IS?

A COURT CASE AROSE FROM THE MOTON SCHOOL WALKOUT, DAVIS V. PRINCE EDWARD COUNTY, WHICH WAS GROUPED TOGETHER WITH THREE OTHER CASES ARGUED BY THE LAWYERS FOR THE NAACP.

THE U.S. SUPREME COURT DECLARED SEPARATE BUT EQUAL UNCONSTITUTIONAL IN ITS RULING ON BROWN V. BOARD OF EDUCATION.

THIS 1954 DECISION SET OFF A WAVE OF EMOTIONS IN THE SOUTH.

I GUESS IN 1954 I WAS A SOPHOMORE, GOING TO JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL WHEN THE '54 DECISION CAME DOWN, AND ALL MY NEIGHBORS AND FRIENDS THOUGHT I'D BE GOING TO DOUGLAS FREEMAN WHICH WAS ABOUT 10 MINUTES AWAY.

YOU KNOW, EVERYBODY THOUGHT OVERNIGHT THINGS WERE GOING TO CHANGE AND, YOU KNOW, NOTHING REALLY CHANGED AFTER IT CAME DOWN.

IT TOOK QUITE A WHILE BEFORE ANYTHING HAPPENED.

AMERICA CREATED THIS IDEAL SOCIETY THAT DEPENDED ON WHITE PRIVILEGE AS A WAY OF CONTROLLING THE MASSES WHO WERE POORER.

THEY USED THAT TO ENHANCE SORT OF THIS IDEALISM THAT THE RIGHTFUL HEIRS OF VIRGINIA WERE THE WHITE MALES.

AND WHEN THAT PRIVILEGE WAS THREATENED IN THE FIRST REALLY SERIOUS WAY WAS THE DECISION OF BROWN VS. BOARD OF EDUCATION, CALLING NOT JUST FOR THE END OF SCHOOL SEGREGATION, THAT WAS WHAT IT TECHNICALLY CALLED FOR, BUT IT IMPLIED THE END OF A WHITE SUPREMACY CULTURE.

THE BROWN V. BOARD DECISION CREATED A NEW DAY, POTENTIALLY OF EQUAL OPPORTUNITY.

THE ONLY PROBLEM WAS THE SENIOR ELECTED LEADERSHIP IN VIRGINIA FROM THE SENATORS TO THE GOVERNOR TO THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY WERE DETERMINED THAT SEPARATE BUT EQUAL WOULD PREVAIL.

IT WAS VIRGINIA AND HER LEADERS THAT ORGANIZED THE SOUTHERN MANIFESTO SIGNED BY 101 SOUTHERN CONGRESSMEN, ESSENTIALLY SAYING, "HELL, NO," TO BROWN V. BOARD.

THE EDITOR OF THE RICHMOND NEWS LEADER IN THE SUMMER AND FALL OF 1955 HAD BEEN RUNNING A SERIES OF EDITORIALS ADVOCATING THE USE OF INTERPOSITION, THE OLD DOCTRINE FROM PRE-CIVIL WAR ERA THAT A STATE COULD INTERPOSE ITS SOVEREIGNTY TO STOP FEDERAL COURT ACTIONS.

JAMES J. KILPATRICK WAS A VERY PERSUASIVE WRITER, HE'S A VERY SKILLFUL POLEMICIST, SO HE REALLY CREATED A FEELING AMONG SEGREGATIONISTS IN VIRGINIA THAT IF WE PUSH BACK HARD ENOUGH WE MIGHT BE ABLE TO TURN THIS THING AROUND.

IN 1956 THE SOUTHERN STATES WERE SCRAMBLING TO FIND A WAY TO STOP SCHOOL DESEGREGATION.

LED BY U.S.

SENATOR HARRY BYRD, VIRGINIA PASSED A SERIES OF BILLS KNOWN AS MASSIVE RESISTANCE LAWS, WHICH INCLUDED THE MANDATE TO REFUSE FUNDING FOR ANY PUBLIC SCHOOL THAT WAS ABOUT TO INTEGRATE.

THAT NO PUBLIC ELEMENTARY OR SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN WHICH WHITE AND COLORED CHILDREN ARE MIXED AND TAUGHT SHALL BE ENTITLED TO OR RECEIVE ANY FUNDS FROM THE STATE TREASURY FOR THEIR OPERATION.

SOMEHOW OR ANOTHER, I THINK MY FATHER KNEW, HE GOT THE JET MAGAZINE, AND YOU SAW IN THE JET MAGAZINE A PICTURE OF EMMETT TILL, 14 YEARS OLD, FACE BRUTALIZED, THEY DID THAT TO HIM AND KILLED HIM AND THREW HIM IN THE TALLAHATCHIE RIVER BECAUSE THEY SAY HE WHISTLED AT A WHITE WOMAN.

I MEAN, I AM 13 YEARS OLD, I WAS WONDERING WHAT KIND OF WORLD THAT I WAS BORN INTO.

YEAH, I WAS AFRAID.

AS FAR AS I KNOW, THERE WAS NO PROTECTION ANYPLACE.

THE EMMETT TILL SITUATION, THINGS LIKE THAT, IT BROUGHT FEAR IN YOUR HEART THAT, YOU KNOW, THAT COULD EASILY HAPPEN TO YOU.

I DIDN'T WANT TO GO TO MISSISSIPPI OR ALABAMA, TRAVEL DOWN THROUGH THERE.

THAT'S THE LAST PLACE I WANTED TO GO.

YOU KNOW, I SAID YOU GO THERE YOU NEVER KNOW WHAT MIGHT HAPPEN.

I RECALL TRAVELING FROM RICHMOND TO WASHINGTON AND STOPPING AT A SERVICE STATION AND WANTED TO USE THE BATHROOM AND THE STORE OWNER PULLING A SHOTGUN ON US, SAYING, "NO, YOU'RE NOT GOING TO USE THAT BATHROOM."

WE LEFT.

WE DIDN'T HAVE NO CHOICE, WE GOT OUT OF THERE.

IT WAS LATER, MUCH LATER, THAT I GOT THE FULL STORY OF WHO EMMETT TILL WAS, WHAT HAPPENED AND WHY HE LOOKED SO BATTERED AND BEAT UP, BECAUSE OUR LOCAL NEWSPAPERS WEREN'T GOING TO, YOU KNOW, GIVE THAT A WHOLE LOT OF ATTENTION.

THE NEWSPAPERS WERE AS MUCH THEN A PART OF THE SYSTEM AS ANYTHING ELSE.

EMMETT TILL, THE THING THAT HAPPENED TO HIM, HAD HAPPENED TO MANY OTHER BLACK ADULTS AND CHILDREN LONG BEFORE THAT.

THAT'S WHAT WE WERE FIGHTING AGAINST.

[CHANTING] TWO, FOUR, SIX, EIGHT, WE DON'T WANT TO INTEGRATE!

SCHOOL DESEGREGATION WAS BEGINNING IN A NUMBER OF SOUTHERN STATES.

IN ARKANSAS IN THE FALL OF 1957, WHEN WHITES RESISTED FEDERAL COURT ORDERS TO INTEGRATE, PRESIDENT EISENHOWER DISPATCHED MILITARY TROOPS TO ESCORT NINE AFRICAN-AMERICAN STUDENTS INTO A FORMERLY ALL-WHITE SCHOOL.

LITTLE ROCK SENT A SIGNAL TO VIRGINIA THAT IT WAS UNDER SIEGE, THAT THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT AT SOME POINT WOULD ATTEMPT TO IMPOSE ITS WILL AND ENFORCE DESEGREGATION.

BUT IT ALSO MEANT THAT IN THE SOUTH THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT BECAME JUST AS IT HAD BEEN DURING THE CIVIL WAR AND AFTERWARDS -- THE OPPRESSOR.

AS THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT CONTINUED TO PRESSURE THE SOUTHERN STATES TO COMPLY WITH THE SUPREME COURT DECISIONS, AFRICAN-AMERICAN STUDENTS WERE STILL COPING WITH THE UNEQUAL NATURE OF SEGREGATED SCHOOLS.

I KNEW WE WERE GOING TO THAT BERRYVILLE HIGH SCHOOL, JOHNSON WILLIAMS, AND SOME OF THE STUDENTS WENT TO MANASSAS, BUT THEY STAYED DURING THE WEEK AND CAME HOME ON WEEKENDS, BUT WE CAME HOME EVERY NIGHT.

MY MOTHER HAD TO GET US UP AT 4: 30.

WE PROBABLY LEFT AT 5: 00 TO CATCH THAT BUS AT 6:00 TO GET TO SCHOOL BY 8:00.

50 MILES ONE WAY, 50, BECAUSE THEY HAD TO PICK UP KIDS IN THE BACK WOODS.

THAT WAS A LONG RIDE.

THAT WAS A LONG DAY.

ESPECIALLY COMMUTING THAT FAR IN THE WINTERTIME, IT SEEMED LIKE THE WINTERTIME WAS THE MOST DANGEROUS TIME WHEN THE ROADS WOULD ICE UP.

WE WERE COMING HOME FROM SCHOOL AND IT WAS SNOWING FROM BERRYVILLE, VIRGINIA, AND WE WERE IN THOSE BACK WOODS, THE BACK ROADS AND THE BUS SLID OFF AND WENT DOWN THIS HILL.

WE JUST HAD TO STAY THERE AND WAIT UNTIL ANOTHER DRIVER CAME BY AND STOPPED AND ASKED WHAT CAN HE DO TO HELP.

WE COULDN'T GET OUT, YOU KNOW, SO WE JUST LEANED TO THE SIDE.

REMEMBER, THERE WERE NO CELL PHONES BACK THEN.

AND IT WAS VERY COLD, VERY COLD.

AND WE DIDN'T GET HOME TILL ABOUT 8:00 THAT NIGHT, MY BROTHER AND I GUESS MY FATHER WAS WORRIED, MY MOTHER WAS WORRIED TO DEATH.

AND PARENTS WERE REALLY UPSET, YOU KNOW.

AND I CAN JUST IMAGE THAT HE WAS SICK AND TIRED OF SENDING HIS CHILDREN OUT OF THE COUNTY TO GO TO A HIGH SCHOOL.

AND THIS IS WHAT, I GUESS, CAUSED THE PARENTS TO REALLY RALLY FOR US TO GO TO WARREN COUNTY HIGH.

IN 1958, AFTER SEVERAL COURT VICTORIES FOR THE NAACP, AFRICAN-AMERICAN STUDENTS REGISTERED TO ENTER SEVERAL WHITE SCHOOLS IN VIRGINIA.

MANY OF THE LOCALITIES INTRODUCED A TESTING PROCESS TO PREVENT SCHOOL DESEGREGATION.

WE HAD TO BE TESTED, NOT ONLY FOR THE GRADE YOU WERE GOING INTO, BUT TWO ABOVE IT.

WE HAD TO BE INTERVIEWED, AND I CAN STILL REMEMBER THE INTERVIEW.

BIG WHITE MEN.

TO ME, THEY WERE HUGE, THEY WERE BEHIND THESE DESKS THAT REMIND YOU OF A JUDGE'S DESK IN COURT.

AND THERE WAS NINE OF THEM.

MY PARENTS WERE WITH ME, SO I WAS OKAY.

I ANSWERED THE QUESTIONS.

THEN THEY ASKED MY PARENTS TO LEAVE THE ROOM, AND, I ADMIT, I CAN STILL FEEL THE FEAR IN MY HEART.

THEY ASKED ME ONE THAT I WILL NEVER FORGET.

THEY SAID, "WHAT ARE YOU GOING TO DO IF SOMEBODY CALLS YOU A NIGGER?"

AND I THOUGHT, "OH, WELL, THAT WON'T BOTHER ME BECAUSE I KNOW I'M NOT THAT, AND I'LL JUST IGNORE THEM."

BUT THEY REFUSED ME FOR TWO REASONS.

ONE, BECAUSE I WAS NERVOUS AND THEY SAID THAT I WOULD SHOW NERVOUSNESS IN THEIR SCHOOL.

THE SECOND REASON WAS I WAS DOING MATH ON A TENTH, ELEVENTH GRADE LEVEL, BUT I WAS ONLY READING ON A NINTH GRADE LEVEL, SO THEY SAID I COULDN'T READ.

BUT I HADN'T BEEN IN THE EIGHTH GRADE YET.

ON OUR FIRST REPORT TO THE COURT WE DENIED ADMISSION TO ALL 151 FOR VARIOUS REASONS.

THE COURT RETURNED OUR REPORT AND ASK THAT IT BE RECONSIDERED.

UPON RECONSIDERATION OF THE REPORT, WE SAID THAT WE WOULD ADMIT 17 OF THESE NEGROES TO SIX HIGH SCHOOLS.

THE MAYOR OF NORFOLK 50 YEARS AGO WAS A GUY NAMED DUCKWORTH, VERY TOUGH GUY.

THE CITY COUNCIL HERE, TOGETHER WITH THE SCHOOL BOARD, ACTIVELY ENGAGED IN TRYING TO DENY THE FULL IMPLEMENTATION OF BROWN.

THERE WAS DRAMA GOING ON AT THE COURTHOUSE WHERE YOU HAD A VERY TOUGH FEDERAL JUDGE, WALTER HOFFMAN, WHO WAS DOING EVERYTHING HE COULD TO ENFORCE BROWN V. BOARD HERE ON THE LOCAL CITY.

AFTER THE BROWN DECISION YOU HAD INDIVIDUAL COURT DECISIONS ORDERING LIMITED INTEGRATION IN VARIOUS LOCALITIES, AND THOSE LOCALITIES WOULD DELAY AND DRAG THEIR FEET, AND APPEAL TO THE HIGHER LEVELS OF THE COURTS.

AND FINALLY WE GOT DOWN TO THE FACT THAT THERE WERE NO FURTHER APPEALS AND CERTAIN SCHOOL SYSTEMS EITHER HAD TO DESEGREGATE OR THEY HAD TO CLOSE.

IN THE FALL OF 1958 THE COURTS RULED TO ALLOW THE SELECTED AFRICAN-AMERICAN STUDENTS INTO THE WHITE PUBLIC SCHOOLS.

THE MASSIVE RESISTANCE LAWS WERE ENFORCED, SEVERAL SCHOOLS IN VIRGINIA WERE CLOSED.

GOVERNOR ALMOND, WITH THE LETTER TO THE CITY, SEIZED THE SIX SCHOOLS WHERE THE 17 CHILDREN WERE GOING TO GO AND DEMANDED THAT THEY BE CLOSED.

AND WHEN THAT HAPPENED, ALL THE WHITE STUDENTS WHO WERE THERE AS WELL, THERE WERE NEARLY 10,000 OF THEM, WERE ALSO LOCKED OUT.

EDWARD R. MURROW ACTUALLY GAVE THE CLASS THAT NAME, "THE LOST CLASS OF '59."

CBS CAME DOWN AND DID A DOCUMENTARY HERE IN NORFOLK THAT FALL WHEN THE SCHOOLS WERE CLOSED.

WE SHALL BEGIN BY SHOWING YOU THE 17 OF THE 10,000 WHO CAN'T GO TO PUBLIC SCHOOLS IN NORFOLK.

HAD THEY NOT APPLIED FOR ADMITTANCE TO SIX NORFOLK SCHOOLS, NEITHER THE SUPREME COURT'S DECISION NOR THE DISTRICT RULING THAT IMPLEMENTED THE INTEGRATION DECISION OF 1954 NOR THE VIRGINIA STATE GOVERNMENT'S VOW TO RESIST MASSIVELY WOULD HAVE BEEN TESTED HERE.

IT WAS THE APPLICATION OF THESE 17 NEGRO STUDENTS ENCOURAGED BY THE NAACP AND THEIR FINAL ACCEPTANCE BY THE SCHOOL BOARD WHICH CAUSED GOVERNOR ALMOND TO SHUT DOWN THE SCHOOLS.

THOUGH THE GOVERNOR CLOSED SCHOOLS IN THREE DIFFERENT LOCALITIES, NORFOLK WAS THE LARGEST WHERE OVER 10,000 STUDENTS WERE KEPT OUT OF SIX SCHOOLS.

EDWARD R. MURROW'S GROUNDBREAKING DOCUMENTARY EXPOSED THE DIVISION BETWEEN WHITES ON THE SCHOOL CLOSINGS.

MOST WHITES WERE IN FAVOR OF SEGREGATED EDUCATION, BUT THEY WERE FORCED TO DECIDE BETWEEN SEGREGATION OR PUBLIC SCHOOLS FOR THEIR CHILDREN.

WITHOUT THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS, THE BUSINESS HERE CANNOT STAY IN NORFOLK AND NO BUSINESS WILL COME TO NORFOLK.

AS IT IS, THE ONLY LEADERS WE ARE HEARING ARE LEADERS FOR MASSIVE RESISTANCE.

THEY'RE TRYING TO TELL THAT SOMEHOW THEY'RE FAIR AND JUST AND RIGHT AND WE ARE SOMEHOW TRAITORS TO THE THINGS WE BELIEVE IN FOR NOT GOING ALONG WITH MASSIVE RESISTANCE.

IT IS NOT UNCHRISTIAN AND IT IS NOT GODLESS AS SOME RELIGIONISTS HAVE SAID TO BELIEVE THE DOCTRINE OF SEGREGATION.

I CAN'T HELP IT IF GOD PLANNED IT THAT WAY.

[APPLAUSE] THE NEGRO SCHOOLS NOT THREATENED BY INTEGRATION REMAINED OPENED.

BUT THE 17 NEGRO STUDENTS ALREADY ACCEPTED BY THE SCHOOL BOARD INSISTED ON SHARING THE LOCKED-OUT STATUS OF THEIR 10,000 CLASSMATES.

THEY ARE BEING TUTORED IN THIS BAPTIST CHURCH.

AT FIRST BAPTIST CHURCH WE NOT ONLY RECEIVED ONE OF THE HIGHEST EDUCATIONS OF OUR TIMES, WE ALSO WERE PROGRAMMED AS SOLDIERS AND WE HAD TO BE PROGRAMMED.

IT IS TRUE, THAT SEVERAL SCHOOLS, AS YOU WELL KNOW, HAVE BEEN CLOSED UNDER OPERATION OF STATE LAW, BUT THOSE CHILDREN, MOST OF THEM, ARE BEING ACCOMMODATED ON A PRIVATE INSTRUCTION BASIS.

THROUGHOUT VIRGINIA, STUDENTS WERE LOOKING FOR ANY MEANS OF EDUCATION.

MANY WHITE STUDENTS ATTENDED PRIVATE SEGREGATED SCHOOLS WITHIN THEIR OWN COUNTY, WHILE MANY AFRICAN-AMERICANS HAD TO MOVE AWAY TO CONTINUE THEIR EDUCATION.

THE NAACP FROM FRONT ROYAL AND ANOTHER INTERESTED GROUP FROM WASHINGTON, D.C., WERE JOINING FORCES TO WORK WITH US.

THEY WERE GOING TO FIND PLACES SO WE WOULDN'T BE OUT OF SCHOOL TOO LONG.

AND, YOU KNOW, I OFTEN WONDERED, WHY DID WE GO TO WASHINGTON, D.C.?

WHY SO FAR?

BECAUSE THEY WERE INTEGRATED, AND I THINK THEY WANTED US TO GET A FEEL OF WHAT IT WAS LIKE TO BE IN AN INTEGRATED SCHOOL.

WHITE KIDS WERE GOING TO CLASSES IN BASEMENTS IN CHURCHES AND PEOPLES' HOMES, AND THE TEACHERS WHERE PAID STILL SO THAT WAS THEIR EMERGENCY RESPONSE TO THE CLOSING OF THE SCHOOLS.

WE WERE ABSOLUTELY HAPPY BECAUSE BURLEY WAS OPERATED BY THE CITY AND THE COUNTY, SO AFRICAN-AMERICAN STUDENTS WENT ON TO SCHOOL AS IF NOTHING HAD EVER HAPPENED.

THE BLACK SCHOOLS WEREN'T CLOSED.

I NEVER MISSED A YEAR OF SCHOOL BECAUSE OF MASSIVE RESISTANCE.

ONLY THE WHITE KIDS SUFFERED BECAUSE THEY CLOSED THE WHITE SCHOOLS SO THAT WE COULDN'T GET INTO THEM.

I STARTED OUT IN AN ALL-WHITE SCHOOL, SO I NEVER WENT TO THE BLACK SCHOOL.

WHEN I GOT TO THE FIRST GRADE I COULDN'T GO INTO VENERABLE, IT WAS AN ADJACENT BUILDING, SO WE WERE HOUSED IN THAT BUILDING THAT YEAR, WHILE WE WERE STILL IN COURT.

VIRGINIA, LIKE MUCH OF THE SOUTH, WAS WILLING TO SHUT DOWN THE SYSTEM OF PUBLIC EDUCATION.

WHAT ISN'T WIDELY KNOWN IS IT COULD HAVE BEEN WORSE.

THE SENIOR LEADERSHIP OF THE STATE OF VIRGINIA WAS WILLING TO CLOSE ALL THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS, THEY WERE WILLING TO SHUT DOWN THE ENTIRE PUBLIC SCHOOL SYSTEM IN ORDER TO STOP DESEGREGATION.

IT ONLY ACTUALLY HAPPENED IN THE CITY OF NORFOLK, CHARLOTTESVILLE, AND WARREN COUNTY.

IN ARLINGTON THE SCHOOLS WERE NEVER SHUT, BUT THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY ABOLISHED THEIR ELECTED SCHOOL BOARD TO TRY TO STOP INTEGRATION.

YOU HAD A SEPARATE ACTION IN PRINCE EDWARD COUNTY.

TWO DAYS AGO TWO HISTORIC DECISIONS WERE HANDED DOWN IN THE STATE OF VIRGINIA, ONE FROM THE STATE SUPREME COURT, THE OTHER FROM FEDERAL DISTRICT COURT.

BOTH DECISIONS WILL FALL WITH ENORMOUS IMPACT ON THE ENTIRE SOUTH.

MASSIVE RESISTANCE LAWS WERE DECLARED UNCONSTITUTIONAL BY BOTH THE STATE SUPREME COURT AND A FEDERAL DISTRICT COURT IN EARLY 1959.

IN 1959 THE COURTS RULED VIRGINIA'S MASSIVE RESISTANCE LAWS UNCONSTITUTIONAL AND FORCED THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS TO RE-OPEN.

ON FEBRUARY 2, 1959, ARLINGTON COUNTY AND THE CITY OF NORFOLK WERE THE FIRST TO DESEGREGATE THEIR SCHOOLS IN VIRGINIA.

EVEN THOUGH WE WERE 11 YEARS OLD AT THE TIME, WE HAD BEEN PART OF LIKE A TRAINING PROGRAM FOR ALL OF THE STUDENTS THAT HAD BEEN TRAINED OR LOOKED FORWARD TO INTEGRATING THE SCHOOLS.

WE HAD CLASSES ON WHAT WE COULD EXPECT, AND, SO, WE WERE JUST PART OF THE BEGINNING OF THE END OF THE PROCESS TO INTEGRATE VIRGINIA PUBLIC SCHOOLS.

WE WERE FORTUNATE TO BE SELECTED, SO IT WAS SOMETHING WE HAD AN OBLIGATION TO GO THROUGH WITH THIS AND MAKE IT BETTER FOR OTHERS, EVEN THOUGH WE ONLY HAD A SMALL PART IN IT.

IT WAS VERY CHAOTIC WHEN WE CAME OUT OF RONNIE'S HOUSE TO WALK TO MR. NEWMAN'S CAR.

THEY JUST ALL WANTED TO GET PICTURES OF EVERYTHING.

WE JUST WALKED DOWN THAT SIDEWALK, AND YOU'LL SEE A LOT OF PICTURES OF US, KIND OF LIKE THE LONG LONELY WALK INTO STRATFORD.

AND WE WALKED INTO THE SCHOOL, THEY HAD SOME STUDENTS THERE, THAT WERE GOING TO BE OUR BUDDIES.

ARLINGTON COUNTY HAD LOTS OF POLICE PRESENCE ON THE SCHOOL PROPERTY, AND WHEN I WAS EATING LUNCH A POLICE OFFICER WOULD COME OVER AND CHECK TO MAKE SURE THAT WE WERE OKAY.

THEY'D WALK PAST THE CLASSROOMS, SO IT REALLY WENT PRETTY SMOOTHLY THAT DAY.

THAT FIRST DAY MY MOM TOLD ME TO HOLD MY BROTHER'S HAND AND TO WATCH OUT FOR HIM BECAUSE I WAS THE OLDEST.

I DIDN'T KNOW WHEN I GOT TO SCHOOL THAT THE EIGHTH GRADERS HAD TO GO ONE WAY AND THE SEVENTH GRADERS HAD TO GO ANOTHER WAY.

WHEN I HAD TO LET GO OF HIS HAND, I WASN'T AFRAID FOR ME, I WAS SCARED FOR MY BROTHER.

HOW WAS I GOING TO WATCH OUT FOR HIM IF I HAD TO LET HIM GO?

WHEN WE GOT TO THE IMAGINARY LINE IT WAS THE BEGINNING OF THE WHITE SECTION, AND ON BOTH SIDES OF THE ROAD WERE THESE MEN ALL DRESSED IN BLACK WITH RIFLES.

WHEN I SAW THEM I REACHED BACK AND GRABBED SKIP'S HAND.

WE DID NOT SPEAK.

WE DIDN'T SAY A WORD.

AS WE WALKED THROUGH THOSE POLICEMEN, WE REALIZED THE MEANING OF MASSIVE RESISTANCE.

THE MASSES RESIST THEM.

AND WHAT'S YOUR NAME?

DELORES JOHNSON.

HOW OLD ARE YOU, DELORES?

16 YEARS OLD.

WHAT GRADE WOULD THAT PUT YOU IN?

ELEVENTH GRADE.

I SAID THE BEST THING FOR ME TO DO IS TO HURRY UP AND GET INSIDE THIS BUILDING!

I WENT ON UP TO MY HOMEROOM AND ALL, AND WHEN I SAT DOWN AT MY DESK, ALL OF THE OTHER DESKS STARTED MOVING BACK, AND IT WAS JUST LIKE A WHOLE BIG CIRCLE WAS VACANT AROUND ME AND I WAS JUST SITTING AT THE DESK ALL BY MYSELF RIGHT HERE.

AND THE TEACHER DIDN'T SAY, "WELL, MOVE THE CHAIRS BACK.

WHY YOU ALL MOVING THOSE CHAIRS?

BRING THEM BACK, BRING THEM BACK."

NO, DIDN'T SAY A WORD.

I REMEMBER THE FIRST DAY THAT I GOT MY CLASS CARD, AND HOLDING IT IN MY HAND AND LOOKING AT THE TEACHER AND BACKING BACK OUT OF THE ROOM BECAUSE THAT WAS THE MAN THAT WAS ON TV THAT NIGHT THAT SAID, "IF YOU PUT ONE OF THEM LITTLE NIGGERS IN MY ROOM, I'M GONNA CLOSE THE DOOR AND YOU NEVER GOING TO SEE IT AGAIN."

AND I CAN SAY WITH SOME PRIDE THAT I'M THE ONLY SCHOOL TEACHER IN THE CITY OF NORFOLK THAT HAS RAISED A PUBLIC VOICE AGAINST THIS TERRIBLE THING WHICH SEEKS TO DESTROY A DEMOCRATIC WAY OF LIFE.

I REMEMBER BEING AFRAID THE DAY THAT HE CLOSED THE DOOR BECAUSE I DIDN'T KNOW WHETHER OR NOT I WAS GOING TO LIVE.

WHEN THE BELL RANG, I WAS SO HAPPY, I THOUGHT TO MYSELF, "SAVED BY THE BELL."

I RAN TO THE CAR AND I GOT IN THE CAR AND I SAID TO MYSELF, THANK YOU, THANK YOU.

I WAS SO HAPPY BECAUSE THAT HAD BEEN ONE OF THE WORST DAYS OF MY LIFE IN SCHOOL.

DO YOU HAVE ANY COMMENT ON THIS HISTORIC DAY, FOR THE FIRST TIME NEGROES ARE BEING ALLOWED INTO WHITE SCHOOLS IN VIRGINIA?

NONE WHATSOEVER.

DO YOU LOOK FORWARD TO A SUCCESSFUL YEAR HERE AT NORVIEW?

ALL I WANT TO DO IS COME AND GO TO SCHOOL, I DON'T ASK FOR ANY SPECIAL TREATMENT, I JUST WANT TO COME AND GO TO SCHOOL, AND THAT'S ALL.

DO YOU THINK THIS SIT -- DO YOU THINK THIS SITUATION WILL SETTLE DOWN A LITTLE BIT AFTER AWHILE?

I COULDN'T VERY WELL SAY, I HOPE SO.

WE KNEW WE WERE GOING TO BE MEET WITH OPPOSITIONS, SO WE WERE PREPARED.

WE WERE PREPARED BY OUR PARENTS BECAUSE THEY JUST KNEW SOMETHING WAS PROBABLY GOING TO HAPPEN.

IT WAS A LONG WALK.

YEAH, IT WAS A LONG WALK UP THAT HILL, BUT WE KNOW WE HAD TO COME PAST THAT ANGRY MOB OF PEOPLE.

YEAH.

YOU KNOW, IT IS A LONG WAY UP THIS HILL.

IT IS.

YES, IT IS, WHEN YOU'RE WALKING UP HERE AND YOU'RE NERVOUS AND YOU'RE JUST A CHILD.

IT WAS LONGER THEN.

YEAH.

OUR FATHER ALWAYS TOLD US, SHUT YOUR MOUTH, MIND YOUR BUSINESS, LOOK STRAIGHT AHEAD AND KEEP GOING.

I WAS SCARED.

I'M 13 YEARS OLD, I'M SCARED.

PEOPLE HAD BEEN HURT FOR DOING THINGS, SO WE DIDN'T KNOW WHAT WAS GOING TO HAPPEN TO US.

AND I THINK WE WERE HERE, AND WE LOOKED DOWN AND WE SAW ALL OF THE PEOPLE AND JUST DIDN'T REALLY REALIZE IT WAS THAT MANY, BECAUSE WE STOPPED AND TALKED TO, YOU KNOW, THE REPORTERS.

THERE WERE POLICEMEN AND NATIONAL GUARD, AND, YOU KNOW, THEY DIDN'T BOTHER TO DO ANYTHING.

YOU CAN'T STOP PEOPLE FROM RUNNING THEIR MOUTHS, YOU CAN'T STOP THEM FROM CALLING YOU NAMES, SO YOU IGNORE IT AND YOU KEEP GOING.

THAT WAS ONE OF THE MOST FRIGHTENING DAYS OF MY LIFE.

WHEN WE GOT OUT OF THAT CAR, MY HEART WAS IN MY MOUTH, I WAS SO FRIGHTENED.

HOW DO YOU FEEL TO BE HERE?

I'M SORRY, BUT I CAN'T ANSWER ANY QUESTIONS UNTIL AFTER, UNTIL AFTER 4:00.

BECAUSE THEY HAD SAID SO MANY MEAN THINGS, AND PRIOR TO THAT SO MANY UGLY THINGS WERE SAID, AND THEY HAD LET US KNOW THAT THEY DID NOT WANT US THERE.

GOING UP THAT HILL WAS TERRIBLE BECAUSE THEY WOULD CALL US NIGGERS, AND "YOU DON'T BELONG HERE, WHY ARE YOU TAKING OVER OUR SCHOOLS?"

I CAN HEAR IT RINGING IN MY EARS NOW.

YOU WERE JUST WAITING FOR THAT ROCK TO HIT YOU IN THE BACK OF YOUR HEAD OR YOU WERE WAITING FOR ONE OF THOSE DOGS THAT THE POLICEMEN WERE HOLDING TO JUMP OUT OR IT WAS JUST VERY, VERY FRIGHTENING.

BUT ALSO EXCITING.

I SAID, "HERE I AM IN WARREN COUNTY HIGH," AND MANY OF MY UNCLES HELPED BUILD THIS SCHOOL, THEY SAID THAT WE'D NEVER GO THERE, SO WE JUST MADE A LIAR OUT OF THEM, AND I WAS PLEASED WITH THAT.

YOU'RE A 16-YEAR-OLD KID TRYING TO GET AN EDUCATION AND YOU WONDERING WHY THESE PEOPLE WANT TO STOP YOU FROM GOING TO SCHOOL, GETTING THE BASIC THING THAT ALL AMERICANS WANT.

ARE YOU GOING TO SEND THEM BACK HERE TO THIS INTEGRATED SCHOOL?

I'VE TRIED, BUT I CAN'T.

WHY NOT?

THEY WON'T COME, THEY'LL QUIT SCHOOL FIRST.

WHAT IS YOUR PHILOSOPHY ABOUT INTEGRATED SCHOOLS?

THEY GOT TO LIVE WITH THE COLOREDS THE REST OF THEIR LIFE, HAVEN'T THEY?

WHY SHOULDN'T THEY LIVE WITH THEM IN SCHOOL?

IS THERE ANY ORGANIZED MOVE AFOOT TO BOYCOTT WARREN COUNTY HIGH?

NO, SIR, THERE IS NO ORGANIZED MOVEMENT AT THE PRESENT, BUT I WAS HOPING THERE WOULD BE, FOR THE OTHERS, FOR THE FUTURE EFFECTS IT COULD HAVE.

WHEN WARREN COUNTY HIGH OPENED ON FEBRUARY 18TH, ONLY 22 AFRICAN-AMERICAN STUDENTS ATTENDED THE PREVIOUSLY ALL WHITE SCHOOL.

THE WHITE STUDENTS DID NOT COME BACK.

THEY WERE IN PRIVATE SCHOOLS.

IT REALLY DID FEEL STRANGE BECAUSE YOU KNOW IT WAS ONLY THE 22 TWO OF US THE VERY FIRST TIME.

ONCE WE WERE IN THAT BIG OL' BUILDING IT WAS ALMOST LIKE A GHOST TOWN, AND IT WAS KIND OF EERIE WALKING DOWN THOSE LONG HALLS, YOU KNOW, AND TRYING TO FIND YOUR ROOM, AND GETTING LOST AND THINKING YOU'RE GOING TO BE LATE FOR YOUR CLASS AND AGAIN PANICKING BECAUSE OF THAT REASON.

LOOKING BACK, I THINK IT WAS A BLESSING TOO BECAUSE WE LEARNED THE LAYOUT OF THE SCHOOL AND KNOW WHERE THE CLASSROOMS WERE, AND THE LIBRARY, AUDITORIUM AND ALL OF THAT.

WE LIKED IT WHEN THERE WAS JUST 22 TWO OF US IN THE SCHOOL, BUT THEY CAME BACK, ALL OF THEM CAME BACK.

WELL, HERE WE ARE, LADIES, WE MADE IT.

AGAIN.

YOU GOT TO START SOMEWHERE IN ORDER TO MAKE PROGRESS, AND IF YOU NEVER START, NOTHING WOULD EVER BE ACCOMPLISHED.

THAT'S THE SAME REASON WE ALL CAME UP THAT HILL ON THAT DAY, THEY SAID WE COULDN'T AND I THINK WE SHOWED THEM THAT WE COULD.

AND WE DID.

WHY DID THEY GO TO SO MUCH TROUBLE?

ALTHOUGH CHARLOTTESVILLE REOPENED ITS PUBLIC SCHOOLS IN FEBRUARY, THEY WERE STILL SEGREGATED BECAUSE THE COURTS GAVE THE CITY AN EXTENSION.

THEIR SCHOOLS WERE DESEGREGATED IN SEPTEMBER OF 1959.

THE STRUCTURE OF THE HIGH SCHOOL WAS THAT THERE WERE MULTIPLE ENTRANCES, AND AT THE MAIN ENTRANCE, YEAH, THERE WERE A LOT OF PEOPLE OUT THERE STANDING, BUT WE WENT TO ONE OF THE BACK ENTRANCES.

THERE WAS ONLY THREE OF US, I WAS NOT SUBJECTED TO ALL OF THE CATCALLS AND THE VOCAL ABUSE THAT YOU SAW IN OTHER COMMUNITIES.

THERE WAS A LOT OF ANXIETY, AND EACH AND EVERY DAY THEREAFTER FOR THE FIVE YEARS I WAS THERE.

BECAUSE I DIDN'T KNOW ANYTHING ABOUT SCHOOL AND I WAS IN SOME INSTANCES PROBABLY THE LAST ONE TO GET TO CLASS, ALL OF THE SEATS WERE TAKEN SO I HAD TO STAND IN THE BACK, JUST LITTLE THINGS LIKE THAT.

NOBODY WOULD GET UP, YOU KNOW, THAT'S GOING TO HAPPEN, SO THERE'S NO SENSE IN GETTING ALL BENT OUT OF SHAPE ABOUT IT.

YOU LET THE TEACHER DO THEIR THING.

YOU WANT YOUR STUDENTS TO SIT DOWN, YOU MAKE SURE THAT WE HAVE SOMEWHERE TO SIT DOWN.

THE QUESTION WAS WHETHER OR NOT WE WERE GOING TO BE ABLE TO THRIVE IN THAT SORT OF ACADEMIC ENVIRONMENT BECAUSE, OF COURSE, IN THOSE DAYS, AND EVEN NOW, THEY'RE SAYING, THEY SAID THAT BLACK STUDENTS ARE NOT EQUAL TO WHITE STUDENTS.

OF COURSE, THAT WAS THE OTHER THING, WE HAD TO PROVE THEM WRONG.

AND WE DID.

SO ... DURING THE WEEK I'M GOING TO SCHOOL, I'M A GOOD GIRL.

AND ON THE WEEKENDS WE'RE TRYING TO GET IN TO THE MOVIE THEATRE, WE'RE ON THE PICKET LINE, I'M REALLY QUITE THE REBEL HERE.

I SAID PEOPLE DON'T EVEN REALLY SEE THAT SIDE OF YOU.

WHEN YOU LEFT OUT OF THAT SCHOOL YOU DIDN'T SEE, PRETTY MUCH, STUDENTS UNTIL THE NEXT DAY WHEN YOU WENT BACK TO THE SCHOOL.

I DIDN'T GO TO MY PROM, SO I THINK I MISSED A LOT OF SOCIALIZATION OPPORTUNITIES.

AS A RESULT I WAS VERY HAPPY TO BE LEAVING CAUSE I SAID, OKAY, I'M JUST GOING TO SURROUND MYSELF WITH BLACK PEOPLE.

I REMEMBER ONE DAY WE WERE STUDYING UNITED STATES HISTORY.

AND WE WERE TALKING ABOUT SLAVERY AND THE TEACHER SAYS "PEOPLE THINK THAT SLAVERY'S BAD, BUT SLAVERY ISN'T BAD.

IT WASN'T BAD.

WHY, IF SHE HAD BEEN LIVING," POINTING AT ME, "BACK IN THE DAYS WHEN WE HAD SLAVERY, SHE WOULD'VE HAD IT REAL GOOD BECAUSE SHE WOULD'VE BEEN ONE OF THE HOUSE SLAVES.

THEY WOULD'VE LET HER STAY IN THE HOUSE, CLEAN THE HOUSE, TAKE CARE OF THE BABIES, COOK, BUT SHE WOULDN'T HAVE TO BE IN THE HOT SUN.

AND SHE'D BE HAPPY TO BE IN THAT HOUSE."

THE BOYS STARTED POINTING AT ME AND THEY WERE SAYING "HOUSE SLAVE, HOUSE SLAVE," AND, I MEAN, JUST KEPT POINTING AT ME.

THE WHITE CHILDREN, AS THEY BEGAN TO KNOW ME, THEY BEGAN TO TELL ME THINGS THAT THEY HAD BEEN TOLD: NIGGERS SMELL FUNNY, THEY USE FUNNY STUFF IN THEIR HAIR, THEY WASH THEIR SELF WITH LYE SOAP, YOU SUPPOSED TO STINK, YOU DON'T STINK.

I'D SAY, "I KNOW, MY MOM MAKES ME TAKE A BATH EVERY DAY, YOU KNOW, I DIDN'T KNOW I WAS SUPPOSED TO STINK."

IT WAS SO AMAZING THE THINGS THAT THEY WERE TOLD ABOUT BLACK PEOPLE.

DESEGREGATION DID NOT WORK AS WELL AS PEOPLE WANTED IT TO.

BASICALLY BECAUSE WE DIDN'T KNOW ANYTHING ABOUT EACH OTHER.

BLACK PEOPLE WHO WORKED IN WHITE HOMES AS SERVANTS AND THAT SORT OF THING KNEW EVERYTHING THERE WAS TO KNOW ABOUT WHITE PEOPLE.

BUT WHITE PEOPLE KNEW NOTHING ABOUT US AND OUR CONTRIBUTIONS TO CIVILIZATION.

AND THAT WAS THE ERROR, THAT BEFORE THAT EVER SHOULD HAVE TAKEN PLACE, SOME EFFORT SHOULD HAVE BEEN MADE TO MIX THE RACES ON A BASIS OF MUTUAL RESPECT AS OPPOSED TO PUTTING ONE GROUP IN, HAVING PEOPLE SAY, "THEY'VE DONE NOTHING, THEY'RE SAVAGES.

THEY'RE DUMB, THEY SMELL."

IT WAS TOUGH.

I TELL YOU I HAD A SEVENTH GRADE VIRGINIA HISTORY BOOK.

I REFUSED TO TEACH FROM IT BECAUSE IT HAD THINGS IN IT LIKE "BILLY LEE WAS GEORGE WASHINGTON'S FAVORITE SLAVE."

"BLACK PEOPLE WERE PRIVILEGED TO SIT UP WITH THE DEAD WHEN THEIR OWNERS WERE DYING."

"BLACK PEOPLE THAT WORKED IN THE HOUSES WERE ALWAYS GIVEN THEIR OWNERS CLOTHES WHEN THEY WERE READY TO RETIRE."

ALL OF THESE INSULTS IN A TEXTBOOK THAT YOU'RE SUPPOSED TO TEACH FROM TO TEACH CHILDREN.

SO I WOULDN'T USE IT.

I GOT IN A LOT OF TROUBLE ABOUT THAT, ALL THE WAY TO CENTRAL OFFICE ABOUT THAT.

WE GOT MAIL FROM ALL OVER THE WORLD.

WE GOT WONDERFUL LETTERS FROM PEOPLE.

THE MAIL THAT WAS ADDRESSED TO MY SISTERS AND I WAS ALWAYS GOOD.

IT WAS JUST WHAT YOU WOULD READ IN THE PAPER, YOU KNOW, LIKE THE LETTERS TO THE EDITOR.

NOW, THEY WERE SOMETHING ELSE.

THEY DIDN'T NEED TO WRITE IT, BUT THEY DID.

IT WAS HOW THEY FELT.

IT REALLY HURTS, TO REALIZE SOMEBODY DON'T LIKE YOU BECAUSE OF YOUR COLOR OR THEY DON'T WANT YOU TO HAVE THE SAME TYPE OF EDUCATION AS A WHITE STUDENT.

THAT DOES HURT.

IF I'D BE WALKING DOWN THE HALL, I REMEMBER, THEY'D TRY TO TRIP YOU.

AND ANOTHER TIME I WENT TO THE FOUNTAIN TO GET A DRINK OF WATER AND THIS PERSON IS IN FRONT OF ME AND THEY SPAT IN THE WATER AND, OF COURSE, I WALKED AWAY, SO I COULDN'T GET A DRINK, SO THERE WERE LOTS OF MEAN LITTLE THINGS THEY CONTINUED TO DO.

AND EVERY MORNING, WHEN I'D HAVE TO GET UP TO GO TO SCHOOL, YOU'D GET THAT SICK FEELING IN YOUR STOMACH BECAUSE OF THE WAY WE WERE TREATED.

AND WHEN WE WOULD GET READY TO GET ON THE BUS IN THE EVENING, I CAN REMEMBER WHITE KIDS WERE THROWING ROCKS AT US AS WE GOT ON THE BUS TO GO HOME.

YOU'RE TREATING ME LIKE I'M LESS THAN A HUMAN BEING AND THAT PART, IT HURT, BUT IT MAKES YOU ANGRY.

YOU KNOW WHEN YOU GET ANGRY YOU FIGHT BACK.

IF WE WERE TO FIGHT PHYSICALLY, THAT WOULD CONVEY TO THE WHITE PARENTS THAT THIS IS THE WAY BLACK PEOPLE ACT.

AND THAT'S NOT THE WAY WE ACT.

BUT WE DIDN'T HAVE THE SAME OPPORTUNITIES THAT THE WHITE STUDENTS HAD, BECAUSE EVEN IN WARREN COUNTY HIGH, WE COULDN'T GO TO THE PROM, THEY SAID IT'S JUST A DANCE.

OUR FIRST GRADUATE COULDN'T GRADUATE THERE.

IT WAS JUST RIDICULOUS.

ALTHOUGH THE COURTS HAD RULED MASSIVE RESISTANCE LAWS TO BE UNCONSTITUTIONAL, PRINCE EDWARD COUNTY HAD FOUND A LOOPHOLE.

THEY DECIDED TO ELIMINATE PUBLIC EDUCATION IN FAVOR OF A PRIVATE SCHOOL SYSTEM.

PRINCE EDWARD COUNTY CLOSED ALL THEIR PUBLIC SCHOOLS, INCLUDING THE BLACK SCHOOLS IN THE FALL OF 1959.

YOU KNOW, WE WERE ALL KIND OF IN DENIAL.

OH, NO, THEY'LL NEVER SHUT THE SCHOOLS DOWN, THEY CAN'T DO THAT, PEOPLE HAVE TO GO TO SCHOOL.

SURE ENOUGH, SCHOOLS DIDN'T RE-OPEN.

THEN ME, LIVING SO CLOSE TO THE SCHOOL AND SEEING IT LOCKED DOWN WITH CHAINS, I MEAN, YOU KNOW YOU DON'T HAVE A QUESTION ABOUT IT THEN, YOU KNOW THAT OUR SCHOOLS ARE CLOSED.

THEY BUILT A SCHOOL CALLED PRINCE EDWARD ACADEMY, IT WAS FOR WHITE KIDS ONLY.

SO THEY HAD A SCHOOL TO GO TO AND WE DIDN'T.

THAT WAS PAINFUL, TO THINK THAT SOMEBODY WOULD BUILD A SCHOOL FOR ONE GROUP OF KIDS AND NOT CARE WHETHER THE OTHER GROUP HAD AN EDUCATION OR NOT.

THOSE SCHOOLS COST TUITION, AND IF YOU WERE A POOR, WHITE, DIRT FARMER IN PRINCE EDWARD COUNTY, YOU COULDN'T AFFORD TO SEND YOUR CHILD TO THAT SCHOOL.

AND, SO, EITHER YOU HAD SOMEBODY THAT COULD FEEL YOUR PAIN, OR BECAUSE OF THAT PAIN THEY DISLIKED YOU EVEN MORE BECAUSE YOU CAUSED THIS TO HAPPEN.

THIS WHOLE IDEA OF A SEPARATE, PRIVATE SCHOOL SYSTEM FOR THE WHITE POPULATION WAS ALSO BEING SUPPORTED BY DONATIONS FROM -- NOT ONLY WITHIN PRINCE EDWARD COUNTY AND VIRGINIA, BUT MANY, MANY AND MOST OF THE OTHER SOUTHERN STATES.

SO PRINCE EDWARD COUNTY WAS ALMOST LIKE A LITMUS TEST.

YOU KNOW, IF THIS SURVIVES, IF THIS SUCCEEDS, THEN SO GOES THE REST OF THE SOUTH.

OLIVER HILL AND SPOTTSWOOD ROBINSON, WHO HAD WORKED HARD TO DESEGREGATE VIRGINIA'S PUBLIC EDUCATION, WERE FIGHTING TO OPEN THE PRINCE EDWARD COUNTY SCHOOLS.

I WENT WITH OLIVER HILL AND SPOTTSWOOD ROBINSON UP TO FARMVILLE WHEN THEY HAD CHURCH MEETINGS UP THERE.

WHEN WE CAME OUT THERE WAS KU KLUX KLAN ACROSS THE STREET, YOU KNOW, AND I SAID, "WHAT AM I GETTING INTO UP HERE?"

OLIVER HILL WENT UP THERE AND THEY WERE NOT AFRAID TO MEET AND ALL.

AND THAT'S WHY I GREATLY RESPECTED OLIVER HILL AND ROBINSON FOR WHAT THEY HAD TO FIGHT AND GO THROUGH WITH THESE SMALL COMMUNITY MEETINGS AND SO FORTH.

THE RISK THAT THEY TOOK TO GETTING OUT THERE AND DOING WHAT THEY DID.

THERE WAS A LOT OF RESISTANCE AT THAT TIME.

HE WENT BEFORE THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY IN RICHMOND AND SHOOK HIS FIST AND SAID, "THIS IS WRONG, WE'RE NOT GOING TO HAVE IT."

HIS MESSAGE WAS POWERFUL.

THAT'S SOMETHING THAT WE SAID, YOU KNOW, THAT THE REASON WHY I ADMIRED HIM FOR WHAT HE DID.

VOLUNTEERS OFFERED FREE SCHOOLS, BUT IT WASN'T UNTIL A COURT RULING IN 1964 WHEN PUBLIC EDUCATION WAS OFFERED AGAIN IN PRINCE EDWARD COUNTY.

HOW LONG HAS IT BEEN SINCE YOU WAITED FOR A SCHOOL BUS?

FOUR YEARS.

FOUR YEARS.

HAVE YOU BEEN TO SCHOOL AT ALL IN THAT TIME?

NO SIR.

HOW'S IT FEEL TO GET BACK NOW?

WELL, THE WAY I FEEL, I FEEL GREAT.

I MEAN, WHEN I WAS GOING TO SCHOOL I USED TO LOVE IT, AND I STILL DO.

I WANT TO GO TO SCHOOL VERY MUCH.

TO COME BACK INTO AN INTEGRATED SCHOOL SYSTEM, IT WAS BASICALLY INTEGRATED, TO ME, BY NAME ONLY, BECAUSE COMING BACK IN 1964 I THINK AT THE HIGH SCHOOL WE HAD TWO WHITES TO JOIN THE RANKS OF ABOUT MAYBE 550.

I STAYED AT HOME FOR TWO YEARS WITHOUT ANY EDUCATION AT ALL.

THAT THIRD YEAR, THE BROWNIE SCOUT LEADER CAME TO MY HOME AND ASKED MY MOTHER COULD I GO AWAY TO SCHOOL, OR SOMEONE HAD FOUND SOMEONE FOR ME TO LIVE WITH, AND THAT WAS HOW I GOT TO GET MY EDUCATION.

MY BROTHER YOUNGER THAN I AM, HE GRADUATED FROM THIS HIGH SCHOOL HERE.

MY OTHER TWO BROTHERS THAT WERE IN SCHOOL DURING THAT TIME, THEY NEVER HAD THE OPPORTUNITY TO GO TO SCHOOL -- NEVER.

THEY WERE IN THE SEVENTH GRADE WHEN SCHOOL SHUT DOWN.

NOW, FOR SOME OF THE OTHER PEOPLE IN THE COMMUNITY, THEY DIDN'T EVEN GO BACK TO SCHOOL.

A LOT OF MY COUSINS, MY FRIENDS, WHEREVER THEY STOPPED, EIGHTH, NINTH, TENTH GRADE, THAT WAS IT.

IT WAS A COMBINATION OF EXPERIENCES THAT WE HAD -- YOU HAD GUYS AND GIRLS GRADUATING AT 20, 21, 22 YEARS OLD, FROM HIGH SCHOOL, THEY HUNG IN THERE, YOU KNOW.

WHAT WAS CHALLENGING IS THE STUDENT THAT DID NOT SEE A CLASSROOM UNTIL THEY WERE 10 YEARS OLD.

I CAN'T IMAGINE HOW THAT WOULD HAVE AFFECTED ME, SITTING IN A CLASSROOM WITH SOMEONE THAT'S SIX, NOT KNOWING HOW TO READ AND WRITE AS I SHOULD, AND RIGHT TODAY THEIR SCARS STILL EXIST IN A LOT OF PEOPLE BECAUSE OF THAT TYPE OF EXPERIENCE.

NOW THAT YOU ARE BACK HOME AGAIN, HOW DID IT GO TODAY?

UH, I ENJOYED MYSELF TODAY.

I LIKE GOING TO SCHOOL, I ALWAYS DID, AND, UM, I FEEL GREAT, I MEAN, ABOUT GOING BACK AGAIN.

THERE WAS NO REAL INTEGRATION, THERE WAS DESEGREGATION AND FOR YEARS THE PUBLIC SCHOOL BOARDS MANAGED TO ENFORCE A PROGRAM OF TOKENISM.

AND THERE WAS STRUGGLE FOR YEARS AFTER MASSIVE RESISTANCE.

WHEN YOU LOOK AT ALL OF WHAT WAS HAPPENING PRIOR TO SETTING THE BLACK MAN FREE, SO TO SPEAK, BY SIGNING THE CIVIL RIGHTS ACT IN 1964, YOU HAVE ALL OF THIS OCCURRING, YOU ARE STILL TRYING TO MAKE IN ESSENCE 100 YEARS WORTH OF PROGRESS A REALITY.

WE'VE GONE FROM ABSOLUTE SEGREGATION BEFORE BROWN V. BOARD OF EDUCATION TO MANDATED JUDICIAL INTEGRATION THAT TOOK 20 YEARS TO HAPPEN, A VOTING RIGHTS ACT THAT FINALLY ESTABLISHED VOTING RIGHTS FOR AFRICAN-AMERICANS, CIVIL RIGHT LAWS THAT OPENED UP HOTELS AND RESTAURANTS AND EVERYTHING ELSE TO AFRICAN-AMERICANS.

AND NOW, FINALLY, WE ARE ACHIEVING SOME CULTURAL INTEGRATION.

IN 1989, 30 YEARS AFTER CLOSING THE SCHOOLS, VIRGINIA WAS THE FIRST STATE IN THE NATION TO ELECT AN AFRICAN-AMERICAN GOVERNOR.

SO THAT I CAN SAY TO YOU TODAY THAT I AM A SON OF VIRGINIA.

THANK YOU, AND GOD BLESS ALL OF YOU.

AS THE FIRST ELECTION OF AN AFRICAN-AMERICAN OF ANY STATE IN THE UNION WAS A SYMBOL OF A MAGNIFICENT CHANGE FOR THE BETTER.

I HAVE PEOPLE WHO TELL ME FOR INSTANCE, THEY SAY, YOU KNOW, I NEVER VOTED FOR AN AFRICAN-AMERICAN, BUT I NEVER HAD A CHANCE.

WHEN WILDER RAN THERE WAS A HIDDEN WHITE VOTE THAT WOULD NOT VOTE FOR AN AFRICAN-AMERICAN CANDIDATE.

IT HAPPENED IN NEW YORK, IT'S HAPPENED IN CHICAGO, IT'S HAPPENED IN CALIFORNIA WITH TOM BRADLEY'S RACES, IT'S HAPPENED A LOT OF PLACES, BUT IT DIDN'T HAPPEN IN 2008.

AND, AGAIN, THE CULTURAL CHANGES ARE ONGOING AND THEY ARE CUMULATIVE, AND I THINK TO SOME DEGREE THEY ARE ACCELERATING.

SO HELP ME GOD.

CONGRATULATIONS, MR. PRESIDENT.

[APPLAUSE] 50 YEARS AFTER MASSIVE RESISTANCE, BARACK OBAMA CARRIED VIRGINIA ON HIS WAY TO BECOMING THE FIRST AFRICAN-AMERICAN PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES.

I DID NOT THINK I WOULD EVER SEE IT.

I FIGURED, WELL, I'LL BE LONG GONE, MAYBE MY CHILDREN.

THAT WAS THE BEST DAY OF MY LIFE.

I NEVER DID THINK THAT I'D LIVE TO SEE A BLACK MAN AS PRESIDENT TO BE VERY HONEST.

I WOULD NEVER HAVE THOUGHT IT AND I THINK ANYBODY WHO SAYS, HONESTLY, THAT THEY BELIEVED THAT IT WOULD'VE HAPPENED, I DON'T THINK THEY WERE TELLING THE TRUTH.

THE GOD-GIVEN PROMISE THAT ALL ARE EQUAL, ALL ARE FREE, AND ALL DESERVE A CHANCE TO PURSUE THEIR FULL MEASURE OF HAPPINESS.

[APPLAUSE] I MEAN, I KNEW MOST BLACK PEOPLE WOULD BE HAPPY, BUT THE TO SEE THE NUMBER OF WHITE PEOPLE WHO WERE CRYING AND WHO WERE SO HAPPY ABOUT THIS, AND WHO SEEMED TO BE SO HOPEFUL ABOUT AMERICA, NOW THAT WAS EXCITING TO ME.

I WAS EXCITED WHEN AMERICA ELECTED BARACK OBAMA, BUT I ALSO SAW AND HEARD THE AFTERMATH.

OH, NOW WE'RE FINE, WE DON'T HAVE ANY RACIAL PROBLEMS.

AND I THOUGHT, MY GOODNESS, WE'VE SORT OF LEAPT TO THAT CONCLUSION.

IT'S STILL A WAYS TO GO UNTIL EVERYTHING IS REALLY EQUAL ALL ACROSS THE BOARD.

IT'S A HOPEFUL FUTURE, BUT PEOPLE HAVE TO BE HONEST ABOUT EVALUATING THE PROBLEMS, NOT PUSHING ANYTHING UNDER THE RUG.

OH SAY CAN YOU SEE, BY THE DAWN'S EARLY LIGHT? THE 70TH GOVERNOR OF THE COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA, HIS EXCELLENCY, THE HONORABLE TIMOTHY M. KAINE.

[APPLAUSE] 50 YEARS LATER, GOVERNOR KAINE WOULD TRAVEL FROM RICHMOND COME TO THE CHURCH WHERE THE NORFOLK 17 HAD BEEN EDUCATED AND APOLOGIZE FOR THE ACTS OF GOVERNOR ALMOND.

AND, SO, TO THOSE OF YOU WHO WERE DENIED THAT OPPORTUNITY 50 YEARS AGO, ON BEHALF OF THE COMMONWEALTH, I DO APOLOGIZE TO YOU.

IN THE ROOM WHEN THE GOVERNOR SPOKE, 14 OF THE 17 WERE THERE.

THESE FOLKS ARE STILL IN OUR COMMUNITY.

AS MAYOR OF THE CITY OF NORFOLK, I TAKE THIS OPPORTUNITY TO EXPRESS MY PROFOUND REGRET TO THE NORFOLK 17, THEIR FAMILY MEMBERS, AND TO THE AFRICAN-AMERICAN COMMUNITY OF NORFOLK, FOR THE WRONGS COMMITTED AGAINST YOU AND TO ALL WHO SUFFERED THROUGH THESE DIFFICULT TIMES.

IT WAS TIME.

YOU KNOW WE APOLOGIZE FOR WHAT HAPPENED TO YOU.

WE WANTED TO CLOSE SOME WOUNDS, BUT ALSO DEMONSTRATE HOW FAR WE HAVE COME AS A COMMUNITY.

OF THE BRAVE [APPLAUSE] IF YOU WANT A MEASURE OF HOW SOCIETY HAS CHANGED, JUST UNDERSTAND THAT THE RICHMOND NEWSPAPERS PROMOTED MASSIVE RESISTANCE IN THE 1950'S AND BY 2009 THEY APOLOGIZED FOR IT.

THAT IN ITSELF IS A GREAT SIGN OF PROGRESS.

I THINK IT'S BEEN FIVE YEARS AGO THAT I WAS INVITED TO THE CLASS REUNION AND MY CLASS PRESIDENT APOLOGIZED.

I WAS IN TEARS, BECAUSE THEY DIDN'T REALLY DO ANYTHING, THEY DID WHAT THEIR PARENTS TOLD THEM TO DO, AND YOU SEE I STILL HARDLY CAN TALK ABOUT IT.

NOW IF YOU LOOK AT THE SCHOOLS, YOU KNOW, THE KIDS DON'T KNOW WHAT THIS IS ALL ABOUT.

I MEAN, THEY JUST THINK IT'S NORMAL THAT YOU GO TO THE CLOSEST SCHOOL IN YOUR NEIGHBORHOOD, REGARDLESS OF THE COLOR OF YOUR SKIN OR ANYTHING.

WE INTEGRATED THE SCHOOLS BECAUSE WE DIDN'T HAVE A SCHOOL.

SO IT IS VERY IMPORTANT TO GET YOUR EDUCATION BECAUSE WE PAVED THE WAY FOR YOU TO BE ABLE TO GO TO SCHOOL, BECAUSE IF WE DIDN'T DO IT, YOU MIGHT NOT HAVE A SCHOOL.

GOING TO THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS WASN'T JUST AUTOMATIC.

THERE WAS PEOPLE THAT SACRIFICED, THAT GAVE UP A LOT THAT REALLY MADE A MAJOR IMPACT.

WE PAVED THE WAY FOR THE REST OF THESE STUDENTS WHO ARE DOING EVERYTHING NOW.

THEY'RE STANDING ON OUR SHOULDERS.

WE OPENED THE DOOR FOR THEM AND WHEN I THINK ABOUT WHAT WE'VE BEEN THROUGH, THAT'S WHAT MAKES ME SO PROUD.

THAT I WAS ONE OF THE ONES WHO HELPED OPEN THIS DOOR.

IT WAS WORTH IT.

IT WAS DEFINITELY WORTH IT.

WE'VE GOT A LONG WAY TO GO YET, BUT WE'VE COME SO FAR.

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